A hub serves as a
central point to which all of the hosts in a network connect to. A Hub is an
OSI Layer 1 device and has no concept of Ethernet frames or addressing. It
simply receives a signal from one port and sends it out to all other ports.
Here is an example 4-port Ethernet hub (source: Wikipedia):
Today, hubs are
considered obsolete and switches are commonly used instead. Hubs have numerous
disadvantages. They are not aware of the traffic that passes through them. They
create only one large collision domain. A hub typically operates in half
duplex. There is also a security issue with hubs since the traffic is forwarded
to all ports (except the source port), which makes it possible to capture all
traffic on a network with a network sniffer!
NOTE
Hubs are sometimes called multiport repeaters.
Hubs are sometimes called multiport repeaters.
Like hubs, a switch is
used to connect multiple hosts together, but it has many advantages over a hub.
Switch is an OSI Layer 2 device, which means that it can inspect received
traffic and make forwarding decisions. Each port on a switch is a separate collision
domain and can run in a full duplex mode (photo credit: Wikipedia).
How switches work
Let’s take a look at the
following example:
Host A is trying to
communicate with Host B and sends a packet. A packet arrives at the switch,
which looks at the destination MAC address. The switch then searches that
address in its MAC address table. If the MAC address is found, the switch then
forwards the packet only to the port that connected to the frame’s destination.
If the MAC address is not found, the switch will flood the frame out all other
ports. To learn which MAC address is associated with which port, switches
examine the source MAC addresses of the receiving packet and store that MAC
addresses in their MAC address table.
A MAC address table
lists which MAC address is connected to which port. It is used by switches to
make forwarding decisions. The table is populated by examining the source MAC
address of the incoming packet. If the source MAC address of a packet is not present
in the table, the switch adds an entry to it’s MAC address table.
The picture below show
how a MAC address table on a switch looks like:
A router is a device that routes packets from
one network to another. A router is most commonly an OSI Layer 3 device.
Routers divide broadcast domains and have traffic filtering capabilities.
The picture below shows
a typical home router:
How routers work
A router uses IP
addresses to figure out where to send packets. If two hosts from different
networks want to communicate, they will need a router between them to route
packets
For example, consider
the following example network:
Host A and host B are on
different networks. If host A wants to communicate with host B, it will have to
send a packet to the router. The router receives the packet and checks the
destination IP address. If the destination IP address is in the routing table,
the router will forward the packet out the interface associated with that
network.
A routing table lists a
route for every network that a router can reach. It can be statically
configured (using IOS commands) or dynamically learned (using a routing
protocol). It is used by routers when deciding where to forward packets.
The picture below shows
how a routing table looks like:
The command to display
an IP routing table is show ip route. In
the picture above, you can see that this router has two directly connected
subnets. Let’s take a closer look at the first entry in the routing table:
C means that the route is a directly
connected route. The network in question is 10.0.0.0/8, and the router will
forward each packet destined for that network out interface FastEthernet0/1.
NOTE
In Windows, you can use the netstat -r command to display the routing table of your system.
In Windows, you can use the netstat -r command to display the routing table of your system.
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